By Vincent Pica
Commodore, First District, Southern Region (D1SR)
United States Coast Guard Auxiliary

Over the years, I’ve written quite a bit about GPS technology. Interestingly, other than the first column, the other five columns were about what could go wrong and what you could do about it. Why is that? Well, as the late Arthur C. Clarke once observed, “Technology sufficiently advanced is indistinguishable from magic.” Well, when the magic stops, you need to understand how to cope. This column is about that.

Solar Flares

It may be hard to believe, but 99.86% of all the mass in our entire solar system is one object alone – the Sun. So, when things happen there, it is probably going to have an impact, particularly here on Earth, if only because of our high-technology-based reliance on radio waves of all usable frequencies. On balance, the average day on the surface of the Sun clocks in at 10,000-degrees Fahrenheit. That, as we will learn, is a good day.

Solar flares are, essentially, an explosion in the Sun’s atmosphere. When that happens, the surrounding solar atmosphere gets heated up to over 20,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit. That, as the saying goes, is a bad day.

This rips the surrounding atoms to pieces and sends electrons, protons and heavier ions shooting into space at the speed of light. This wave of atomic carnage spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths, from simple radio waves to extremely high-energy gamma waves. This, as scientists are fond of saying, is the problem.

Solar Flare Cycles

As you may know, the Sun has many cycles to it, and one of them is the roughly 11-year solar flare cycle. We are approaching the peak of the current cycle in 2021-2022. In the two years ahead, we will likely see a peaking in solar flare activity. Ten to twelve years ago, GPS technology was expensive and far less common than it is today. Now, GPS is virtually everywhere – boats, cars, integrated into EPIRBs, pocket-sized for hikers, etc. Now, as the Fates would have it, we know that based on recent studies that GPS receivers are unexpectedly vulnerable to bursts of radio noise produced by solar flares. When we were at the last peak, GPS was just much less common, and the problems were thus minor in relative scope and attention.

The intense bursts of radio noise, caused by the charged particles shooting out from the solar flare at the speed of light, appear to peak in the 1.2 and 1.6 gigahertz bands used by GPS. Normally, radio noise in these bands is very low, so receivers can easily pick up weak signals from orbiting satellites.

This may also be a problem for aircraft navigation, as the Federal Aviation AA uses reference GPS receivers on the ground for air traffic control. Although planes can and do fly without GPS, outages will force the FAA to increase the distance and timing between aircraft, delaying flights. GPS is also used to synchronize power grids and cell phone networks. And, of course, we use GPS in our boats (and cars). We could increase the strength of GPS signals, but that would require redesigning GPS satellite hardware and software. I think solving the “Y2K” software problem was easier…and didn’t we turn off LORAN a few years go?

If you are interested in being part of the USCG Forces, email me at Vincent.Pica@cgauxnet.us or go direct to the D1SR Human Resources department, who are in charge of new members matters, at  d1south.org/StaffPages/DSO-HR.php and we will help you “get in this thing.” ■

Captain Kevin Reed is the Captain of the Port and Sector Commander for U.S. Coast Guard Sector Long Island Sound. CAPT Reed is responsible for all active-duty, reservist and auxiliary Coast Guard personnel within the Sector. As a Commodore of the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary First District, Southern Region, Vin Pica works closely with CAPT Reed and his staff to promote boating safety in the waters between Connecticut, Long Island and 200 nautical miles offshore. Sector Long Island Sound Command Center can be reached 24 hours a day at 203-468-4401.

Editor’s note: Weekly updates for the waters from Eastport, ME to Shrewsbury, NJ including discrepancies in Aids to Navigation, chart corrections and waterway projects are listed in the USCG Local Notice to Mariners. Log onto navcen.uscg.gov, scroll to “Current Operational/Safety Information,” click on “Local Notice to Mariners” then “LNMs by CG District,” and click on “First District.”